Mental health foundations

Foundations items test whether you can name a defense, keep a relationship in its proper phase, make a unit safe, walk a crisis, and prioritize a starving or dysregulated client. Suicide, psychosis, and major syndromes deepen in Mental health conditions. Phrasing and listening skills live in Therapeutic communication.

Defense mechanisms you must recognize

Defenses are unconscious strategies that reduce anxiety when reality is hard to face. They are not “lying” in the everyday sense — the client often believes the story. Exams ask you to label the pattern from a vignette, not to shame the client. Mild defenses can be adaptive short-term; rigid reliance that blocks treatment or safety becomes the nursing problem.

At the bedside, you do not argue denial into submission on day one of addiction or grief — you keep the client safe, plant reality gently, and use therapeutic communication rather than a debate trophy. Projection invites you to own feelings you do not have; stay calm and clarify. Displacement means the person in front of you may not be the true source — still set limits on abusive behavior. Rationalization sounds smart; explore feelings underneath. Regression needs developmental-level care and patience, not mockery.

• Name the pattern for the exam; respond with safety and empathy in practice items.
• Do not confuse conscious lying or malingering with unconscious defense.
• Severe denial that blocks life-saving care still gets clear information and escalation.

Therapeutic relationship and milieu

The nurse-client relationship is purposeful and time-limited. Preorientation is your self-check: bias, fear, and knowledge gaps before you meet the client. Orientation establishes roles, confidentiality limits (duty to warn / safety exceptions), goals, and trust — this is when you contract about meetings and boundaries. The working phase uses problem-solving and skill practice; resistance and testing are expected. Termination reviews progress, expresses feelings about ending, and plans aftercare. Crossing into friendship, secrecy, or social media contact fails professional boundaries and often fails the stem.

Milieu therapy treats the whole environment as medicine. Structure (schedules, clear rules), safety (no sharps access, watch for escalating peers), participation, and consistent staffing reduce chaos. A therapeutic milieu is not “be nice” — it is predictable limits applied the same way by every nurse so splitting cannot play staff against each other. Quiet rooms and seclusion follow legal and facility rules only when less restrictive options fail; see rights content for restraint law. Communication skills that fill these phases are detailed in Therapeutic communication.

1. Set and keep the same limits every shift.
2. Remove environmental hazards before group and meal times when risk is high.
3. Address rising agitation early — milieu safety is prevention, not only takedown.

Crisis theory and intervention

A crisis is a turning point where usual coping fails and anxiety spikes — developmental (life stage) or situational (job loss, assault, diagnosis). Caplan-style teaching on exams: crises are time-limited, and people are open to intervention. Your sequence starts with safety (suicide, homicide, medical collapse), then rapid focused assessment of the precipitant and coping, then concrete problem-solving for the immediate problem, mobilization of supports, and a follow-up plan. Long psychoanalytic exploration is the wrong tool in the first hour.

Stay with the client, use short clear sentences, and avoid false reassurance (“everything will be fine”). If psychosis or active suicide intent dominates, those pathways are in Mental health conditions — still, the crisis frame reminds you to stabilize before deep therapy. After the peak, help the client name what worked so the next event has a script.

Eating disorders and personality disorder priorities

Anorexia nervosa features restriction, low weight, and intense fear of gain. The body may show bradycardia, hypothermia, lanugo, and electrolyte depletion. Refeeding syndrome is the mechanism trap: when calories restart, insulin drives phosphate, potassium, and magnesium intracellularly and serum levels crash — cardiac and respiratory failure can follow. Nursing priorities are medical stabilization, monitored refeeding as ordered, cardiac and electrolyte watch, supervised meals, and restricted bathroom access after eating when purging risk exists. Arguing about body image before the heart is stable is a distractor.

Bulimia nervosa involves binge eating and compensatory purging or other behaviors; weight may be normal. Purging wrecks potassium and acid-base balance, erodes enamel, and can injure the esophagus. Supervise during and after meals, limit private bathroom time as protocol allows, and teach that diet pills and laxative abuse are not harmless. Personality disorders — especially borderline — bring unstable relationships, impulsivity, and splitting: today's “perfect nurse” is tomorrow's enemy. Consistent boundaries, unified staff responses, and suicide/self-harm assessment beat joining the split. Dialectical strategies appear as ordered therapy; nursing owns limit-setting and safety.

• Weigh per protocol (same scale, gown, timing) without power struggles when possible.
• Report chest pain, syncope, or severe electrolyte shifts immediately during refeeding.
• Document splitting attempts; huddle so staff stay consistent.

Priority map